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Amfonelic acid (AFA; WIN 25,978) is a research chemical with highly selective dopaminergic stimulant and antibiotic properties.[1]
In studies it proved to be a potent and highly selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) in rat brain preparations.[2][3] A study found a moderately long half-life of approximately 12 hours and a dopaminergic potency approximately 50 fold that of methylphenidate in rat brain preparations.[4] Despite lack of direct serotonin activity, rats treated with subchronic doses of amfonelic acid display subsequent decreases in 5HT and 5HIAA.[5] Amfonelic acid displays no activity in the norepinephrine system.[6]
Despite a greatly different mechanism of action, amfonelic acid displays discriminatory substitution with 150% the stimulant potency of dextroamphetamine.[7]
Amfonelic acid has been shown to be neuroprotective against methamphetamine damage to dopamine neurons.[8] It also increases the effects of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol, trifluoperazine and spiperone.[9]
Rats are shown to self-administer amfonelic acid in a dose-dependent manner, thus it may have recreational abuse potential in humans.[10]
Amfonelic acid is not a controlled substance in the United States, and thus is legal to possess.
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